What is the purpose of philosophy?
This age-old inquiry remains one of the fundamental questions in the realm of philosophical discourse, lacking a definitive consensus throughout history. Various perspectives exist regarding the essence of philosophy, with some viewing it as a means to bring coherence to the world, illustrating the interconnectedness of all things. Conversely, others perceive philosophy as a pragmatic tool intended to offer guidance on leading a fulfilling life.
For those who align with the latter viewpoint, philosophy serves as a form of self-improvement—a body of thought that, in theory, can steer individuals towards a better existence during moments of distress or uncertainty. It is not unreasonable to expect philosophy to provide practical insights when grappling with feelings of anxiety, depression, or navigating through challenging life phases.
Kieran Setiya, an esteemed philosopher from MIT and a prolific author, exemplifies an accessible approach to philosophy that delves into addressing the tangible challenges of everyday life. His work stands out for its relevance and practicality, resonating with individuals seeking philosophical wisdom to navigate the complexities of existence.
In a recent discussion, I had the opportunity to engage with Setiya on the topic of overcoming challenges in midlife using philosophical insights. The following excerpt from our conversation has been condensed and edited for clarity. For a more comprehensive exploration, I encourage you to listen to the complete podcast available on various platforms such as , , , or any preferred podcast streaming service, with new episodes released every Monday.
Sean Illing
One of your notable works is titled Life Is Hard. While it may be an oversimplification to encapsulate your entire philosophy in three words, would you say that phrase captures its essence?
Kieran Setiya
Indeed, I believe it does. Ancient philosophers like Plato and Aristotle envisioned an ideal life and sought to outline a path towards it. However, this pursuit can often be unrealistic and self-punitive. Embracing the reality that life presents challenges and acknowledging them is crucial to living well or, at the very least, striving to do so.
Sean Illing
How do you define a midlife crisis?
Kieran Setiya
The concept of a midlife crisis originated notably in 1965 through the work of Canadian psychoanalyst Elliott Jaques. Initially, it pertained to creative crises experienced by individuals in their 30s, which differs from the contemporary perception of a midlife crisis. Today, it is more about a period where individuals, irrespective of whether it escalates to a crisis, often experience a dip in life satisfaction during their 40s. This phenomenon is prevalent across genders and cultures, highlighting a distinct challenge in finding meaning and direction during midlife.
Sean Illing
What triggers the heightened anxiety during this phase of life?
Kieran Setiya
Midlife crises manifest in various forms, encompassing reflections on the past, feelings of regret, and a sense of constrained options. Individuals may grapple with the realization that certain life paths, once seemingly open, are now unattainable. Moreover, confronting the imperfections and setbacks in one’s life and navigating how to proceed under these circumstances become paramount. The mundane aspects of daily life overshadowing the sense of intrinsic value can also contribute to the existential unease experienced during midlife. Additionally, the looming presence of mortality, with a palpable awareness of the limited time ahead, adds to the complexity of this life stage.
Sean Illing
As someone in their early 40s, I resonate with these challenges. The boundless possibilities of youth gradually give way to constraints and responsibilities, culminating in a profound reckoning with the consequences of past decisions. It’s a profound struggle to reconcile with this reality.
Kieran Setiya
Indeed, the transition from envisioning endless possibilities in youth to facing the ramifications of life choices as one matures poses a philosophical conundrum. While the awareness of potential outcomes existed in youth, the concrete realization of the paths taken or not taken in later years evokes a sense of loss. The concept of “incommensurable values” underscores the dilemma individuals encounter when forced to choose between irreconcilable goods, leading to a poignant recognition of the unattainable lives left unlived. Despite the inherent sorrow in this realization, it also signifies the richness and diversity of experiences that define the evaluative tapestry of life, offering a source of solace amidst the contemplation of missed opportunities.
Sean Illing
Your insights shed light on the fallacy of romanticizing alternative life trajectories and the importance of cherishing the unique attachments and experiences that define our individual journeys. This nuanced perspective serves as a poignant reminder of the intricate tapestry of life’s joys and sorrows, guiding us towards a deeper appreciation of the present.
Kieran Setiya
Indeed, the allure of alternative paths often masks the profound attachments and irreplaceable connections that constitute our current reality. While the temptation to ruminate on the hypothetical “what-ifs” persists, embracing the particularity of our lived experiences and the intrinsic value they hold offers a more grounded and fulfilling outlook. Philosophy, when approached not as a vehicle for definitive solutions but as a means to articulate and navigate life’s complexities, can serve as a valuable tool for self-reflection and personal growth.
The Gray Area with offers a philosophical lens through which to explore contemporary issues spanning culture, technology, politics, and societal dynamics. Each episode delves into pertinent questions and themes, fostering nuanced discussions on democracy, mental health, identity in the digital age, and other pivotal topics shaping our world. Join us on this intellectual journey as we navigate the complexities of modern existence with depth and authenticity.